Ceratopteris Fern Growth and Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ceratopteris Fern Growth and Analysis Essay I: Abstract Observing the effects of ammonium nitrate has on the germination days of C-Fern gametophytes by constructing an experiment with two spore-sown petri dishes, one control and one treatment – a normal nutrient-rich agar petri dish and an ammonium nitrate-containing petri dish respectively. The two petri dishes were each inoculated with three drops of spore suspension by a pipet, then spores were spread by a sterilized-bent paper clip to allow even distribution of spores. Gametophyte germination occurred approximately two weeks after inoculation for the control, and gametophyte germination occurred approximately three weeks after inoculation for the treatment; thus possibly suggesting ammonium nitrate worked to hinder the mitotic cell division in the haploid gametophyte. II: Introduction C-Fern begins with a haploid spore known as the spore imbibition (Hickok, Warne 2009), then after 3 to 4 days the spore will develop into a gametophyte via mitosis after germination. This is a photoautotrophic process. The gametophyte will then undergo differentiation (Hickok, Warne 2009), to form the antheridium and the archegonium after 6 to 8 days (Hickok, Warne 2009). Following the gametophyte displaying its hermaphrodite form, sexual maturity allows cross-fertilization to occur between the sperm from antheridium and the egg from archegonium. After one sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote forms, thus forming a diploid cell (Hoshizaki 2001). The formation of the zygote exemplifies sporophytes’ alternation of generations via the diploid cell completing mitosis and meiosis yet still retaining a full set of genetic material. In other words, alternation of generation refers to going from a multicellular diploid form to a multicellular haploid form. (Hickok, Warne 2009). The fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte by mitosis to form a microscopic young fern (embryo), which is a gametophyte under the reproductive leaves called sporangia. Note that sporophytes are diploid and gametophytes are haploid. When the sporophyte reaches maturity, it releases spores via meiosis, then the spores will undergo mitosis, thus forming gametophytes, and the life cycle continues (Brooker 2011). Figure 1 is a pictorial depiction of the life cycle of a fern. [pic] Figure 1: The life cycle of a fern. [1] This experiment aims to discover the germination time of C-Fern under a controlled condition and a treatment condition. Experimenting if the treatment of ammonium nitrate will allow faster germination of the C-Fern. Some data shows that ammonium nitrate possibly functions as a fertilizer for many species of plants, however, not all plants will reap the benefits of ammonium nitrate (Aderkas 1984). [2] The null hypothesis of this experiment is that the ammonium nitrate will not hinder the rate of germination of the C-Fern, thus the data obtained from the control will not have a statistical difference from the data obtained from the treatment. III: Methods Two 60 mm petri dishes were prepared. One labeled â€Å"C† for control, another labeled â€Å"T† for treatment. The control contained a layer of agar and the treatment contained agar and ammonium nitrate. Petri dish for control was inoculated with three drops of C-Fern spore suspension via a pipette, and petri dish for treatment was inoculated three drops of C-Fern spore suspension via the same pipette. A Bunsen burner was used to sterilize a bent â€Å"T† shaped paper clip, the paper clip was used to spread the spore suspension in the petri dish for control. The same paper clip was sterilized again by a 70% ethanol solution and was used to spread spore suspension in treatment petri dish. Two petri dishes were each covered with a lid and now considered culture trays, culture trays then were transported to a climate controlled light dome for optimal growth. Light dome maintained a full spectrum of light 24/7 with temperature in the range of 28 to 30 degrees Celsiu s. Observations were made on every Friday at approximately 3:10 pm for the next 3 weeks. Spores were sown in the week of September 10th and no observations were made. First observation was made in the week of September 17th, Friday 3:08 pm, the control displayed some growth with flagella-like hair, however, no germination was observed. The treatment did not display any signs of growth, only air-like bubbles were observed. Second observation was made in the week of September 24th, Friday 3:10 pm, the control displayed germination, gametophytes were visible under the microscope, however, hermaphrodites were not significantly observed. The treatment still does not display signs of germination, only small green spores were observed under the microscope. Last observation was made in the week of October 1st, Friday 3:05 pm, the control displayed significant signs of growth, it appeared that fertilization took place and an embryo was in development. The treatment only displayed minimal germination, however, some spores appeared to be infested with fungus.

Malaysia and the original people :: essays research papers

Malaysia and the â€Å"Original People† Neglecting aboriginal groups has been a common theme in the past when considering the advancement of developing countries. The United States had little to no regard for the Native Americans when developing a new nation. And now as Malaysia is a quickly developing country, we can see the effects of this development on its natives. Some of the world’s leading anthropologists who have been studying the â€Å"original people† of Malaysia for twenty-five years, have successfully written an in-depth explanation of the political struggle involving the Malaysian government and the Orang Asli’s. The oppression of non-represented ethnicities is the main conflict in this case study of Malaysia, entitled Malaysia and the â€Å"Original People†. The authors have produced a work that not only examines the group itself but also the past, present, and future of all social classes that reside within the countries borders. The book exceeded all expectations in the quantity as well as quality of information pertaining to the Orang Asli’s. Although there was little expression of the opinions of the actual tribes, the book was affected little due to the outstanding structure and content of the book. The strongest feature this book is its structure. The authors have created a book whose structure and word use makes it easy for most readers to comprehend. From the beginning the reader will learn that the whole motivation behind this book was to educate people of the affects of development on indigenous peoples around the world. â€Å"†¦how development and government programs in a developing country can affect indigenous peoples.† (Dentan, Endicott, Gomes, Hooker, p. ix) The reader should already know from the Forward and the Preface that the authors’ platform leans in favor of the Orang Asli. â€Å"We hope that once fair-minded people -in Malaysia and elsewhere-know about Orang Asli and their problems, they will want to help them.† (Dentan, Endicott, Gomes, Hooker, p. x) These â€Å"introduction† sections are an example of how the superb structuring of the case study. These sections are essential in the reading and comprehending the arguments made by the authors. After a broad overview of the situation and people involved, the authors start to break down the effects of development on each specific tribe in the Orang Asli. Once again we see the strength of this book, structure, as the tribes are each given its own section. This is very effective in helping the reader gradually understand the struggle each tribe has encountered.

Speedo LZR Racer

The Speedo LZR Racer is made from a unique lightweight, water repellent, and fast-drying fabric that has been developed to reduce drag and help hold the swimmer’s body in a more streamlined shape. Following three years of research that included input from NASA, tests on more than 100 different fabrics and suit designs and body scans of more than 400 elite swimmers, Speedo has launched its most hydro-dynamically advanced – and fastest – swimsuit to date. The specially engineered, highly flexible fabric called LZR PULSE is ultrasonically welded to appear seamless.It takes about 20 minutes to put the LZR Racer swimsuit on. The material is made to be skin tight on your body making it feel like nothing is pulling you back when swimming. When putting on the suit you have to make sure not to use your fingertips or fingernails also to grip the panels not the fabric. Start of by getting the suit out of the box and starting at the feet. At the bottom of the edges where the feet go flip the inside liner out that is what makes sure that the suit doesn’t ride up when kicking at a fast paced speed.Put a plastic bag over your foot and gradually pull the suit over your foot do the same to the other foot. Inch by inch grip the panels and gradually pull up your body. Once you have it over your knees it will be a lot harder to get over the back side do not grab the sides make sure you scrunch it up on both sides and gently but sternly grip the sides make sure your thumb is not pointed in and slowly move up. As you get over the backside, smooth the bottom making sure the panels are facing forward, and where the V starts it should be right at your hipbone. Next, carefully place your arms through the arm folds.Adjust everything from hip up making sure the front part where the stomach is that they are lined up forward. You will now need to people to help you zipper it up. Grasp the sides of the suit and pull them towards each other from bottom up next have one person grasp both sides of the suit and hold them together closer to each other as the other person pulls the zipper up. Make sure you zip up the back in sections and not all at once and when to let go each time of the zipper to put it facing down so it does not move when re grasping the suits sides. When all the way up make the swimmer end over and run your finger across the zipper teeth making sure there were not any bumps or where the teeth did not grasp together. Check the arm folds and pull them up towards the pit. Make sure everything feels good other than the tightness. Fix the liner part by your feet by making sure the liner is touching you actual skin. The LZR Racer is made to be a tight-skinned lightweight material that makes you repellent in the water the material feels like paper when you touch it but when on its light and breath taking. So when putting it on go from bottom up slowly and gently making it up to top.

Critisism for Rule and Act Utilitarianism - 1155 Words

â€Å"Utilitarianism is the view that the supreme principle of morality is to act so as to produce as much happiness as possible, each person counting equally† (Mill, 114). By ‘happiness’, this includes anything that is pleasurable and free of pain. Simply put, utilitarianism is the theory that an action is right, as long as it produces the greatest good for the most number of people (Peetush). The central point to this theory is that one must consider every consequence before taking any action. There are two classical forms of utilitarianism; rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. â€Å"Rule utilitarianism is the idea that an act is right if and only if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set of rules whose acceptance would†¦show more content†¦Thus, by this reasoning, what makes an act right or wrong is only the consequence and whether or not it results in happiness. However, this is completely implausible. This would mean that someone could go around killing others as long as the consequences brought about happiness for them .Surely, many would agree that this is not the case and the actions should be judged as right or wrong, not just the end goals. This also ties in with the integrity objection. According to the integrity objection, â€Å"utilitarianism violates personal integrity by commanding that we violate our most central and deeply held principles† (Pojman, 130). An example would be Bernard William’s case with Jim and Indians. Jim is exploring a South American town when he meets a local warlord who’s captured some native protestors and are about to be killed. Jim is faced with the decision to either kill one of the protestors himself and have the others let go or he can refuse to kill the one but then the warlord will kill all of them himself. If Jim were a utilitarian he would be morally obligated to kill even if his set of ethics tells him there is something wrong with doin g so. Nevertheless, his ethical approach would force him to violate his personal integrity. â€Å"Briefly, William’s idea is that â€Å"utilitarianism, congenitally, cannot hope to